Girls' Rumination on Problems Actually Causes Depression

Amanda Rose, in an study published in the July issue of Development Psychology has found that girls who talk very extensively about their problems with friends are likely to become more anxious and depressed (Prospective Associations of Co-Rumination With Friendship and Emotional Adjustment: Considering the Socioemotional Trade-Offs of Co-rumination)

The six-month study, which included boys and girls, examined the effects of co-rumination - excessively talking with friends about problems and concerns. Rose discovered that girls co-ruminate more than boys, especially in adolescence, and that girls who co-ruminated the most in the fall of the school year were most likely to be more depressed and anxious by the spring.

When girls co-ruminate, they're spending such a high percentage of their time dwelling on problems and concerns that it probably makes them feel sad and more hopeless about the problems because those problems are in the forefront of their minds. Those are symptoms of depression. In terms of anxiety, co-ruminating likely makes them feel more worried about the problems, including about their consequences. Co-rumination also may lead to depression and anxiety because it takes so much time - time that could be used to engage in other, more positive activities that could help distract youth from their problems. This is especially true for problems that girls can't control, such as whether a particular boy likes them, or whether they get invited to a party that all of the popular kids are attending.

The study involved 813 third, fifth, seventh and ninth grade students. The participants answered questionnaires that assessed co-rumination, depression, anxiety and the quality of their best friendship in the fall and spring of the school year.

Ironically, although co-rumination was related to increased depression and anxiety, Rose also found that co-rumination was associated with positive friendship quality, including feelings of closeness between friends. Boys who co-ruminated also developed closer friendships across the school year but did not develop greater depressive and anxiety symptoms over time.

What's intriguing about theses findings is that co-rumination likely represents too much of a good thing. Some kids, especially girls, are taking talking about problems to an extreme. When that happens, the balance tips, and talking about problems with friends can become emotionally unhealthy. Rose recommended adolescents should be encouraged to talk about their problems, but only in moderation and without co-ruminating.

This is an interesting study for several reasons. The most important is that it calls into question the utility of individual therapy for children (especially girls). If it can lead to further depression and anxiety, is it an ethical thing to do? Talking about the problem may be useful up to a degree and then it may become too dangerous.

Therapy effectiveness and efficacy studies point to activities that will engage the body as well as active solution focused therapy as better methods of dealing with these issues.

Bereaved Children Of 9/11 Victims Suffered High Rates Of Psychiatric Illness

The rate of psychiatric illness among children who lost a parent in the Sept. 11, 2001, World Trade Center attack doubled -- from about 32 to nearly 73 percent -- in the years following the event, according to a new study in the journal Biological Psychiatry. The study was conducted by researchers at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center.

More than half (56.8 percent) of the young children studied suffered from some sort of anxiety disorder, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which affected nearly three in 10 bereaved children.

Some highlights:

• More than half (56.8 percent) of the young children studied suffered from some sort of anxiety disorder
• 3 out of 10 children in this bereaved groups were positive for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• heightened activity of the brain's "stress-response system" in many children who lost a parent on 9/11
• Continued activation of this system can lead to long-term hypersensitivity to stress as adults and even impact on bone health, since the stress hormone cortisol can harm bone.
• PTSD rates were 10 times that seen in non-bereaved children
• 27.3 percent of bereaved youngsters suffered from separation anxiety, double the rate seen in non-bereaved youngsters
• 25 percent experienced generalized anxiety, double the rate seen in non-bereaved youngsters
• rates of simple phobias in bereaved children was also double that of non-bereaved children (13.6 percent vs. 5.9 percent).
• rates of major depressive disorder in bereaved children was twice that of non-bereaved children -- 13.6 percent compared to 5.9 percent, respectively
• the researchers conducted saliva analysis and idenitfied elevated cortisol levels in many bereaved children throughout the two-year study. That suggests that the HPA axis remained switched on at a relatively high level
• chronic HPA activation in childhood may make individuals hypersensitive to stressors throughout their lifespan. Chronically elevated cortisol levels can also negatively impact bone health and boost risks for insulin-related dysfunction.

Severe stress harmful to children's brain

A study conducted by researchers at the Standford School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Hospital found that severe stress can affect children's brain development, according to U.S. researchers. Although this finding had been replicated previously with animals, this was the first study of its kind conducted with children.

Children with PTSD and high levels of cortisol (a stress hormone released by the adrenal glands) were likely to experience a decrease in the size of the hippocampus, a brain structure important in memory processing and emotion.

The children in the study were suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, as a result of undergoing physical, emotional or sexual abuse, witnessing violence or experiencing lasting separation and loss. This type of developmental trauma often impairs the child's ability to reach social, emotional and academic milestones.

The researchers studied 15 children from age 7 to 13 suffering from PTSD. They measured the volume of the hippocampus at the beginning and end of the 12- to 18-month study period.
After correcting for gender and for physiological maturity, they found that kids with more severe PTSD symptoms and higher bedtime cortisol levels (another marker of stress) at the start of the study were more likely to have reductions in their hippocampal volumes at the end of the study than their less-affected, but still traumatized peers.

The researchers speculated that cognitive deficits arising from stress hormones interfere with psychiatric therapy and prolong symptoms.

Children predisposed by genetics or environment to be more anxious than their peers are also more likely to develop PTSD in response to emotional trauma, perhaps because their responses to other life experiences simply left them closer to that threshold than less-anxious children, according to the study to be published in the March issue of Pediatrics.

APA Report: Sexualization of Girls in Media is a Problem

The American Psychological Association (APA) suggests that the proliferation of sexual images of girls and young women in the media is harming their self-image and development.

It is surprising that it took the APA until 2007 to come up with this finding. I would have though that this would have been news in 1980. I am curious to know how much money APA spent on this study, and what percentage of my dues contributed to this area. Nevertheless, despite my cynicism, there are a few interesting findings:

• The report suggests that the volume of sexualized images has increased as more media content exists over a wider range of accessible technologies (Youtube.com, myspace.com, etc.) leading to increased exposure and pressure on young girls.
• They also looked at the way products are sold and advertised to young girls.The Task Force described sexualization as: "when a person's value comes only from her/his sexual appeal or behavior, to the exclusion of other characteristics, and when a person is sexually objectified, e.g., made into a thing for another's sexual use." They looked at people like Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera
• Instead of simply blaming the media, the APA also looked at the attitudes of family members as a source of resilience or harm.
• The report suggests that the sexualization of girls impedes the healthy development of a girl or young woman in several different areas. For example by undermining her confidence and making her feel dissatisfied with her body, this can result in negative self-image and lead to feelings of shame, anxiety, eating disorders, depression and low self-esteem

I am also curious - is the APA looking at boys as closely as it is looking at girls. Boys make up a multitude of disorders as well. Don't get me wrong - we need to look at girls, but don't stop looking at boys...

Suicides in New Orleans

This is a reprinting of a posting to a blog that I used to manage.

I worked for about 10 years in Nassau county, which is a suburb of New York. The last three years I coordinated a program for high functioning middle school students diagnosed with autism (I'm long since gone).

One of the things that focused on teaching was Theory of Mind, a complex skill that requires individuals to put themselves in other people's shoes, to think their thoughts - in essence, to feel their emotions, to be happy when they are happy and to cry when they are sad. I was rarely successful. Jack was not a success story for me. Sure he had develops some friendships while I was there, but he had not fully mastered the idea of Theory of Mind. But I enjoyed him immensely, despite his resistance to schoolwork and his chronic narcolepsy.

When I went back to visit him in 2005 and the others, he asked me to play chess, his favorite game. We sat there, enjoying each other's silence as the cool September breeze blew over us through the corner window.

"So, did you watch CNN at all?", he broke the silence.

"Yep"

"That's really a shame about those people in New Orleans."

My interest was piqued. "Yes it is-"

"I mean, when the waters are drained those people are gonna go back to destroyed houses, and wow - they might get depression or something bad- or even worse they might kill themselves"

"Why would they kill themselves?"

"WHY?! WHY?! - you're the psychologist - you tell me - they're gonna go home and nothing is there - if that happened to me - I have no idea how I would cope with it. Just no idea. Those poor people."
______________________________________________________

So if a child with autism could predict massive depression and suicides, why can't the Federal government, FEMA, the President, the governor of Louisiana or the mayor of New Orleanse predict it? Why couldn't they preliminarily deal with it?

The New York Times reported about a month ago that the suicide rate in New Orleans has risen to at least two times more than the average national rate. Many people who live though natural or wartime disasters tend to develop a disorder named Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD.

Common characteristics of the disorder include reliving the traumatic event through frightening memories, or nightmares that provoke the same feelings of horror, helplessness, and fear that you felt at the time of the event. These memories can be triggered by exposure to reminders of the event. Of course, the people who returned to their devastated, destroyed, demolished homes were forced to confront and relive the disaster over and over again.

PTSD is a type of anxiety disorder. Researchers from the University of Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada found that the presence of an anxiety disorder as well as intense levels of hopelessness and despair increased the probability that an individual would commit suicide. It doesn't take a Ph.D. in psychology to know that hopelessness and continued exposure to a stressful event could lead to suicide. It also doesn't take an advanced to degree or a heightened level of civic-mindedness that something can be done to deal with this situation.

The science of prevention is a burgeoning field in psychology, which is guided by a principle borrowed from medicine. Prevention science has led to mandatory inoculations of children to fluoride in water. People who exercise more are less likely to get sick; some managed health care companies now fully or partially subsidize gym memberships. The same goes for psychology as well. Instead of attempting to heal once the damage has been done, we can either:

• prevent the problem altogether
• innoculate the individual so that the problem is not that bad.

Of course, if you have seen the examples I listed above, many of the prevention programs need to come from governmental agencies or need to be instituted by various corporate organizations. It would do no good if two or three socially conscious doctors began to dump fluoride into our reservoirs - we need the federal government to enact this into legislation.

While the entire population of New Orleans required some form of "inoculation" before re-entering the city (as well as ongoing interventions after entering the city), there are certain people who are more at risk for developing PTSD and then evidencing suicidality. Women are more likely to develop PTSD than men; minorities who come from a lower socioeconomic level are also more likely to develop PTSD. Then again, males tend to complete suicides more frequently than females, due to access to more lethal and more severe methods (e.g., guns).

While many people were ready to blame FEMA for the debacle in initial assistance to the residents of New Orleans, they were really not to blame. FEMA is an agency that deals with more long term, protracted issues. FEMA is responsible for initiating and maintaining rescue operations as well as clean-up and rebuilding. FEMA should also be responsible for initiating a suicide and PTSD prevention program for the city; this is FEMA's and the Federal government's most flagrant abuse in this whole matter so far.

The New Orleans problem is still at hand

This article describes how 10 months after the Katrina disaster, New Orleans and the surrounding area is still dealing with issues of depression and suicide. Click here to read the article. Although the article does not necessarily point any fingers as to who is at fault, my take is that the federal gov't., specifically, FEMA has really dropped the ball in providing mental health assistance.

Back in February, I wrote something on this issue on my other blog.




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